Des Moines, IOWA
Des Moines is a city in central Iowa, the United States. It is the capital of the state, and the county office of Pork County, and the largest city in the state. The population is 203,433 (Population census of 2010). Most of the city belongs to Pork County, but only a fraction of the southern part of the city belongs to Warren County. The population of the metropolitan area consisting of six counties around Pork County is 606,475, and four more counties are added to this urban area, and the population of the metropolitan area including Ames is 778,013 (all of which are the census conducted in 2010).
| Des Moines City of Des Moines | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Position | |||
Right: the position of Poke County in Iowa Left: Townships in Des Moines in Pok County | |||
| Position | |||
Des Moines Des Moines, IOWA  Des Moines Des Moines, USA | |||
| Coordinates: 41 degrees 35 minutes 27 seconds north latitude 93 degrees 37 minutes 15 seconds west longitude / 41.59083 degrees north latitude 93.62083 degrees west longitude / 41.59083 degrees; -93.62083 | |||
| History | |||
| establishment | 1843 | ||
| administration | |||
| country | United States | ||
| State | Iowa | ||
| county | Pork County, Warren County | ||
| city | Des Moines | ||
| mayor | Frank Cowney | ||
| geography | |||
| area | |||
| City | 221.0 km2 (85.3 mi2) | ||
| land | 217.2 km2 (83.9 mi2) | ||
| water surface | 3.8 km2 (1.3 mi2) | ||
| Elevation | 291 m (955 ft) | ||
| population | |||
| population | (as of 2010) | ||
| City | 203,433 | ||
| population density | 936.6 people/km2 (2,424.7 people/mi2) | ||
| urban area | 606,475 | ||
| Other | |||
| equal time | Central Standard Time (UTC-6) | ||
| daylight saving time | Central Daylight Time (UTC-5) | ||
| Official website: http://www.dmgov.org/ | |||
The history of Des Moines begins with Fort Des Moines, built in 1843. In 1851, it became an official city as Fort Des Moines City, and in 1857, the city name was reduced to Des Moines. This year, the capital was moved from Iowa City to Des Moines. the Des Moines, near the fort and running through the central part of the city (French: Rivière des Moines), but there are various theories as to why it was named Des Moines, and they are not known. According to one theory, the French transcription of the native American Moingona who lived in this area means "the Moingona River" Rivière des Moines. On the other hand, there is a theory that the name Rivière des Moines, which means 'the river of a monk', was given because a monk of trappist lived in a hut built near the river. According to the latest theory, the chief of the Miami-Illinois family disparaged Julie mooyiinkweena, which means "the face of excrement," in order to make the neighboring tribes no longer deal with the trade with Jack Marquette and Louis Jolie, who were searching for the land.
In the latter half of the 19th century, Des Moines and their surrounding areas prospered by the coal mines found one after another. In the latter half of the twentieth century, like other major cities in the Midwest, the city declined due to the decline of its manufacturing industry and the outflow of population to the suburbs, but in the 1980s, the city changed its industrial structure and was rebuilt to accommodate skyscrapers. After that, Des Moines has become the hub of the insurance industry. The financial and publishing industries also support the city's economy.
Des Moines is also an important city in the presidential election. Iowa has become the first U.S. state to hold a party rally since 1972. As a result, a party assembly in Iowa in the state capital Des Moines is the first major gate in a series of presidential nomination processes. So many presidential candidates have bases for the campaign in Des Moines. "If you want to get closer to the presidential candidate, there won't be more than a place to go," the New York Times said one day in 2007.
In addition, in Iowa, there is a county called Des Moines, which is separate from the City of Des Moines described in this paragraph. There is no direct relationship between Des Moines and Des Moines County, and they are located apart. Des Moines County is a county located in the southeastern part of the state on the west bank of the Mississippi River, and in Burlington City, the county's capital.
History
prehistoric age
It is believed that humans had already settled there 3,000 years ago, when the Des Moines and the Rauns meet. In the downtown area of the present Des Moines, some ancient dwellings have been discovered by archeologists. It is believed that there were at least three villages in this area between 1300 and 1700 before Europeans settled there. Early settlers found 15 to 18 mounds built by Native American in this area. However, all of the mounds were destroyed.
Fort Des Moines and early settlement
The City of Des Moines originated in May 1843 as a Fort of Des Moines, which was built at the junction of the Des Moines and the Lagoon Rivers under the supervision of Captain James Allen. Allen wanted to name the fort Racoon, but the Department of War at that time ordered Allen to name it Fort Des Moines. The fort was built to monitor the Sok and Mesquaki (Fox) native American people who were originally moved from the eastern part of Iowa where they lived. The soldiers who had been stationed in Fort Des Moines found the first coal mines in this land, took coal from the quay, and handed it over to the blacksmith in the fort. In 1846, when the Sok and the Meskaki were officially exiled from Iowa, the fort was completed and abandoned. However, even after they were officially expelled, the Meskaki people kept trying to return to this place until around 1857. Excavation by archeologists has revealed that there are a lot of things related to Fort Des Moines in the underground of the present Martin Luther King Parkway and 1st Street.
Eventually, settlers settled around the abandoned fort. On May 25, 1846, the Fort Des Moines settlement became the county office location of Poke County. A winter-time teacher, Alojna Perkins, who spent the autumn of 1850 and the spring of 1851 in Fort Des Moines, wrote in his letter:
This is one of the strangest looking "cities" I ever saw... This town is at the juncture of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers. It is mostly a level prairie with a few swells or hills around it. We have a court house of "brick", and one church, a plain, framed building belonging to the Methodists. There are two taverns here, one of which has a most important little bell that rings together some fifty borders. I cannot tell you how many dwellings there are, for I have not counted them; some are of logs, some of brick, some framed, and some are the remains of the old dragoon houses...The people support two papers and there are several dry goods shops. I have been into but four of them... Society is as varied as the buildings are. There are people from nearly every state, and Dutch, Swedes, &c.
This is one of the weirdest "cities" I've ever seen... This town is at the junction of the Des Moines and Lacunes. It is a plain plain meadow, with only a few swells and hills around. There is a Brick Court, and an ordinary wooden church built by a Methodist. There are two bars in this town, and one of them has the most important little bell that resonates every 50. I have never counted how many people live in this town. We have a block house, a brick house, a wooden house, and some even live in the old cavalry house that still remains... The people here support two newspapers and have several shops selling dried goods. Of these stores, I went all but four... The society here is as different as the building. This area is home to people who have moved from almost every state, including Dutch and Swedish.
In May 1851, most of the town was damaged by floods. The water levels of the Des Moines and the Lagoon rose to record levels, and the Des Moines' water spilled over the east bank. The houses and fences were washed away by the water and the crops in the surrounding fields were devastated.
Enforcement of the Municipal System and Growth
On September 22, 1851, Fort Des-Moines became an official city by the articles of incorporation, and on October 18, the city was approved by a vote. In 1857, the city name of Fort Des Moines was reduced to "Des Moines." In the same year, the capital of Iowa was moved from Iowa City to Des Moines. During the Civil War, the pace of growth of the city slowed down, but when the railroad was opened in 1866, the city grew explosively both in terms of population size and importance. In 1886, the Iowa State Capitol was completed, which took 15 years to complete.
In addition to the opening of the railroad, many coal mines found one after another also helped the city grow. In 1864, the Des Moines Coal Company began planned mining in the area for the first time. The first mineral found by the company on the west bank of the Des Moines in the northern part of the city was depleted in 1873. The Black Diamond Coal Mine, found near the south end of the West 7th Street Bridge, dug up a shaft about 45 meters deep and dug up coal from a 1.5m-thick ore deposit. Around 1876, the mine employed 150 miners to calculate 20 carts per day. Around 1885, many vertical pits were dug in the city area, and digging began in the surrounding area. Around 1893, there were 23 coal mines in this area. But by 1908, the coal resources of Des Moines were almost exhausted.
In 1900, Des Moines counted 62,139 people and grew to be the largest city in Iowa, surpassing Dubuk and Davenport.
Urban Beauty Movement, Decline and Renewal
vestiges of urban beauty movement Left: the City Hall of Des Moines Right: The former Des Moines Public Library. It has been remodeled and is now the headquarters of the World Food Award Foundation. All of the two buildings mentioned above are designated as national historic properties. | ||
In the 20th century, urban beauty movements also took place in Des Moines. Large bosal-style buildings were built in the city, and fountains were built along the Des Moines. The movement lasted until the 1930s. Examples of existing buildings built in this period include the City Hall of Des Moines and the former Public Library of Des Moines. In addition, the decorations on the parapets of the Des Moines remain in existence during this period. However, the water fountains along the river were demolished in the 1950s.
In the 1950s, the manufacturing sector began to decline and the growing demonstrations began to decline. In the 1960s, like many other major cities across the United States, the Des Moines began to flow out to the suburbs. The city population of Des Moines counted 208,982 in 1960, but has since been decreasing until the 1980s.
In the 1980s, Des Moines moved from manufacturing-dependent industrial structures to regional economies centering on third industries such as insurance and finance. Since then, the city has been rebuilt, and skyscrapers, which were not so common until then in Des Moines, have been lined up. Various cultural facilities have also been built in the city, including the Greater Des Moines Civic Center, the Des Moines Botanical Garden, the Convent Complex in Pork County (later incorporated into the Iowa Events Center), the Museum of History in Iowa, and the Iowa Science Center. In 2006, a new Des Moines public library, designed by London architect David Chipperfield, was also opened.
geography
Des Moines is located at 41 degrees 35 minutes 27 seconds north latitude and 93 degrees 37 minutes 15 seconds west longitude. The city is located in the center of Iowa, about 540km west from Chicago, about 390km south from Minneapolis St. Paul, about 310km north from Kansas City, and about 220km east from Omaha. The height of the city is 291m.
According to the Bureau of Statistics of the United States of America, Des Moines had a total area of 200.1km2 (77.2 mi2) in 2000. Among them, 196.3km2 (75.8mi2) was land and 3.8km2 (1.3mi2) was water area. The area was 1.88% of the total area. In November 2005, the city of Des Moines passed a bill to merge the undecided areas of the Northeast, Southeast and South. The merger took place on June 26, 2009, resulting in the area of the city to expand to about 20.9km2 and the population to increase by 868.
climate
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The climate of Des Moines is characterized by hot, humid summer and dry, severe winter, and is an inland climate with a large annual difference in temperature. During the summer, it often exceeds 30°C and sometimes reaches 35°C. The humidity is high in spring and summer, and thunderstorms are liable to occur in the afternoon. Autumn is relatively easy to spend, and autumn leaves are also seen. In winter, the temperature falls below the freezing point for a long time, and sometimes it falls below 15 degrees below freezing point. The annual rainfall is about 910mm, but the monthly rainfall in spring and summer is about four to five times that in winter. Snowfall is seen from November to April, and in particular, the amount of snow from December to March reaches 13 to 22 cm per month and reaches 90cm per year. In the climate division of Keppen, des moines belong to the subtropical wet climate (Dfa).
| Jan | Feb | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | Oct | November | Dec | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Temperature (°C) | -5.2 | -2.6 | 4.1 | 10.9 | 16.8 | 22.1 | 24.6 | 23.5 | 18.7 | 11.7 | 4.0 | -3.3 | 10.5 |
| Precipitation (mm) | 25.4 | 33.0 | 58.4 | 99.1 | 119.4 | 124.5 | 114.3 | 104.1 | 78.7 | 66.0 | 55.9 | 35.6 | 914.4 |
| Snowfall (cm) | 21.6 | 20.1 | 13.2 | 4.6 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 6.4 | 22.9 | 89.8 |
urban overview
Comparison of New and New Skyscrapers in Des Moines Left: Active Building/Right: 801 Grand | ||
In the center of the city, Fort Des Moines, and the Des Moines, the origin of the name of the current city, flow from northwest to southeast. From the west side of the city, the Raccoon River flows and joins the Des Moines south of downtown. Along the Des Moines, the city government and the Principal Financial Group are working together to build the Principal River Walk, a walkway, to completion in 2011.
From the 1970s to the 1990s, skyscrapers were built one after another in Des Moines, and their skylines have changed dramatically. Until then, the 19-story high rise apartment building, Ectable Building, completed in 1924, was the tallest building in Des Moines. When the building was completed, it was the tallest building in Des Moines, as well as in Iowa, and even west of the Mississippi River. In 1973, the 25-story financial center, the first skyscraper office building in Des Moines, was completed, breaking the record of the "City's Tallest Building", which the Economic Building has been holding for 49 years. In the following year, 1974, the 36-story Luang Center, which is even higher than the Financial Center, was completed. In 1981, Marriott built a 33-story hotel, and in 1985, a 25-story hub tower and a 25-story plaza building were completed. In 1991, the 801 Grand, the headquarters of the Principal Financial Group, was completed. The 45-story, 192m-tall skyscraper is now the tallest building in Des Moines and Iowa. In 1997, the 19-story EMC Insurance Building was completed.
Most of the main buildings and parking lots in downtown, including these skyscrapers, are connected by an indoor passage called Skywalk. The Skywalk allows pedestrians to travel between buildings without worrying about the weather and traffic of vehicles on the roadway. The construction of the Skywalk started in the 1980s, and is now more than five kilometers in total.
On the other hand, low and middle-class buildings that remain in downtown have been remodeled into lofted apartments and condominiums. A successful example of this trend is the reconstruction of an area called East Village, which stretches from the east bank of the Des Moines to about five blocks east of the Iowa State Council. In this area, where historic buildings are concentrated, various shops, restaurants and art galleries are being built, along with existing historic buildings and houses, and has become a new tourist attraction for the city.
politics
When the City Council of Des Moines was established in 1907, the city adopted its own mayor system called the Des Moines Plan. At that time, the city council consisted of four members, a mayor who was elected independently, and one member who was responsible for public works, public assets, public security, and public finances. In 1950, the city government shifted from the Des Moines Plan to the City Manager system. In 1967, the method of election of city councilors was also revised, and since then, the number of city councilors was set to be six, four of which divided the city into four constituencies, one from each constituency and the other two from each constituency were selected by wildcards. The mayor is elected by the whole city, apart from city councilors.
There was a plan to merge the City Government with the Pork County Government and move it to a municipality of the whole city, but it was rejected on 2 November 2004. After the merger, the municipal assembly was scheduled to consist of a mayor and 15 members. However, although the municipal merger was rejected, many of them have already been integrated into the city and county at the organization level and business level.
The Iowa State Capitol to the east of downtown is the central building of the state's politics, with the State Governor's Office, the Supreme Court of the State, the Iowa State Law Library and the offices of the state agencies, as well as the Iowa State Congress's Chamber. In addition to the roof dome covered with 23 gold leaf, this building also has a small dome at the four corners. The 1/48th scale model of the battleship Iowa (BB-61) is on display in the building, and there is also a memorial to soldiers from Iowa who died in the Iraq War and the immortal Operation of Liberty. The governor lives in an official residence called Terrace Hill, which stands west of the downtown. Originally, the residence of Benjamin Franklin Allen, the first millionaire in Iowa's history, which was completed in 1869. However, since the then governor of the state, Robert D. Ray, moved here in 1977, the residence has been formally used as the official residence of the governor of Iowa in later years.
In the Lower House of the Congress, Des Moines belongs to the Third Iowa constituency and is the central city of that constituency. However, some of the counties that belong to the Des Moines metropolitan area belong to the Iowa fourth constituency. In Des Moines, Iowa's capital, a meeting of party members of the Republican and Democratic Parties is also held. Although Iowa only accounts for about one percent of the total population of the United States, and the number of voters distributed in the presidential election is not large, since 1972, the Iowa State has become the earliest state in the United States to hold a party assembly, and the party assembly in Iowa has become the first of the Republican and Democratic candidates in a series of presidential and election processes.
Economy
The company has many insurance companies, including the Principal Financial Group, Marsh (formerly KVI), EMC Insurance Group (not related to EMC Corporation), Holmes Murphy, and American Republic Insurance Company. In the past, the Allied Insurance and Ameras Group had their headquarters in Des Moines. So Des Moines is called the Hartford of the West. The Principal Financial Group, in particular, is the largest company headquartered in Iowa and is also part of the Fortune 500. In addition, Wells Fargo, ING Group, Electronic Data Systems and UPS offices are also located in the Des Moines metropolitan area. Meredith Corporation, known for its Better Homes and Gardens magazine Better Homes and Gardens, also has its headquarters in Des Moines.
traffic
The airport, which serves as the gateway to Des Moines, is located about 5.5km southwest of downtown (IATA: DSM). The airport also includes Southwest Airlines, Alesiant Air and Frontier Airlines, as well as all three major airlines — Delta Airlines, United Airlines and American Airlines — with flights to and from 25 cities and 27 international airports, including their hub airports.
Like many parts of the United States, the major means of transportation in the demonstrations are automobiles. In Des Moines, two interstate highways, I-35 and I-80, meet. However, these two interstate expressways are on the west side and on the north side of the circular road, and do not pass through the urban area of Des Moines. The northwest part of the circular road is a common part of I-35 and I-80. The remaining part of the circular road, the east and south sides of the road, are formed by National Route 65 and Iowa State Route 5, which have become expressways. Meanwhile, I-235, a branch of I-35, runs through the center of the des Moines. Over the entire line, this I-235 has six lanes (three lanes on each side) and is widened to 8-10 lanes (four-five lanes on each side), especially near downtown.
The Greyhound bus terminal is located downtown, with long-distance buses arriving and departing from all directions. The terminal also uses a community-based Jefferson Lines bus. The station is located 40 miles (about 64km) south of Des Moines, but the name (Des Moines) is added to the Oseola station, where the California Zefer, which connects Chicago and Emmeriville (a contact point to San Francisco) every day, stops every day.
Public transport in the city is covered by route buses operated by the Des Moines Regional Transportation Bureau. Local Route 12 and Express Route 9 run on buses, covering not only Des Moines but also neighboring suburban cities.
education
The Drake University has a campus of about 600,000m² west of downtown Des Moines. Founded in 1881, this medium-sized private university has about 5,000 students including undergraduate and graduate students, and has six faculties including general liberal arts, management and administration, education, journalism and mass media, law and health. The school also has a graduate school of pharmacology and a graduate school of law, which is one of the most historic schools in the United States. In this area, which is west of the Middle West and is also the west of the University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, University of Missouri, University of Nebraska, and so on, as well as the University of Iowa and University of Iowa in the state, the state universities representing each state are generally dominant, but Drake University is one of the few private universities in this area and is highly valued as a general university of private universities, along with Clayton University in Omaha. Drake University has signed an exchange agreement with Kansai Gakuin University in Japan.
The K-12 program in Des Moines is supported by the public schools run by the Des Moines Public School District. The school district has 38 elementary schools, 10 middle schools, five high schools, and 10 special schools and programs, and has more than 30,000 children and students. In addition to these public schools, there are also several private schools in Des Moines.
culture
Des Moines is not only the political and economic center of Iowa, but also the cultural center. The Des Moines is based in Des Moines Metro Opera, established in 1973, and other acting arts organizations such as the Des Moines Symphony Orchestra and the Ballet Des Moines. In addition, many cultural facilities such as museums and museums are built in the city.
cultural facility
The Des Moines Art Center, which opened in 1948, has an exhibition of works of art as well as an educational program and art class. The center owns works from the 19th century to the present. The Greater Des Moines Citizen Center is holding performances of various professional theater groups, including a Broadway musical. The Iowa State Museum of History, as its name suggests, exhibits a history exhibit in Iowa. Living History Farms in Arvandale, a northwestern suburb, is an open-air museum that reproduces life in the farm and rural areas of the Midwest. Built in a vast area of about 2,020,000m², this open-air museum represents all of Iowa's indigenous villages around 1700, the early settlers' farms around 1850, the outlying towns around 1875, the farms with horses around 1900, and the large farms of modern times. The costumes of the characters who appear on the farm are also adapted to those of each period.
The Iowa Science Center has seven interactive learning areas, demonstration programs and touch-learning exhibits that enable people of all generations to learn while enjoying themselves. The center also has three theater-type facilities: Blank IMAX Theater, John Deere Adventure Theater and Planetarium. The Des Moines Botanical Garden grows more than 15,000 plants and has one of the largest collections in the Midwest especially in tropical, subtropical and desert regions. The Great Ape Trust of Iowa has about 930,000m² of its site and is breeding anthropoid apes, Bonobo and Orangutan as their research targets. However, since it is a research facility, the opportunities for the general public to visit the facility are limited, and only small-scale tours are offered on a reservation basis depending on the season.
In addition, there are also examples of demonstrations that refurbish historical buildings originally built as dwellings and reuse them as cultural facilities. Built in 1877 by Hoyt Sherman, a business man in the early days, the mansion was a museum of art that collected works of art from the 19th to 20th centuries. In addition, the theater with 1,250 seats was restored and it is a place to offer various cultural events and entertainment. Jordan House, located in West Des Moines, adjacent to the west, used to be one of the Metro Operation sites, so it is a museum that exhibits the history of West Des Moines and activities of the Metro in Iowa.
Events
In October every year, the World Food Award ceremony is held in Des Moines. This award was founded in 1986 by Norman BORG, a Nobel Peace Prize-winning agronomist, who worked hard to solve and improve food problems such as improving food quality and securing enough food for everyone. The World Food Award Foundation, which awards the World Food Award, is headquartered in the remodeled Public Library of Des Moines.
Other well known annual events held in Des Moines include the Des Moines Arts Festival in June, the Jazz in Julie in July, the Iowa State Fair in August and the World Food Festival in October. On Saturdays from May to October, a downtown farmers market would open.
The Wells Fargo Arena located at the Iowa Events Center can accommodate about 17,000 people, used for matches with local sports teams, and is also used as a venue for events such as concerts on the U.S. tour. At the Simon Estes Outdoor Theater on the east bank of the Des Moines, music events such as the Alive Concert Series are held.
sport
There is no team of the four major professional sports (MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL) in Iowa, and it is not an exception as the state capital Des Moines. There are several teams in the Lower League, and the closest one is the baseball team Iowa Cubs. Iowa Cubs is a Chicago Cubs minor league team based in Principal Park. Iowa Cubs belongs to the Pacific Coast League's American Conference North area. In Iowa, in addition to Iowa Cubs, Minor League teams are based in several cities, including Cedar Rapids and Davenport. Only Iowa Cubs, who is based in Des Moines, are fighting in the AAA-grade leagues.
Every April, a track and field event called "Drake Relays" is held at Drake University's stadium. High-level players from universities all over the United States will gather in this tournament. Some of the past participants were Jesse Owens, Carl Lewis, Michael Johnson, and others who later became the world's top players. Also, the High Bee Triathlon, which started in 2007, became the top qualifying round for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
demographic dynamics
urban population
The population of each of the counties that form the metropolitan area of Des Moines and the metropolitan area is as follows (National Census of 2010).
- Des Moines-Westdes-Moines metropolitan area
| county | State | population |
|---|---|---|
| Pork County | Iowa | 430,640 |
| Dallas County | Iowa | 66,135 |
| Warren County | Iowa | 46,225 |
| Jasper County | Iowa | 36,842 |
| Madison County | Iowa | 15,679 |
| Guthrie County | Iowa | 10,954 |
| Total | 606,475 | |
- Des Moines West Des Moines metropolitan area
| Metropolitan/Small Metropolitan Area | county | State | population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Des Moines-Westdes-Moines metropolitan area | 606,475 | ||
| Ames metropolitan area | Story County | Iowa | 89,542 |
| Boon County | Iowa | 26,306 | |
| Pera minor | Marion County | Iowa | 33,309 |
| Oskarusa metro | Mahaska County | Iowa | 22,381 |
| Total | 778,013 | ||
urban population transition
Below is the population change in Des Moines from 1860 to 2010.
| statistical year | population |
|---|---|
| 1860 | 3,965 |
| 1870 | 12,035 |
| 1880 | 22,408 |
| 1890 | 50,093 |
| 1900 | 62,139 |
| 1910 | 86,368 |
| 1920 | 126,468 |
| 1930 | 142,559 |
| 1940 | 159,819 |
| 1950 | 177,965 |
| 1960 | 208,982 |
| 1970 | 200,587 |
| 1980 | 191,003 |
| 1990 | 193,187 |
| 2000 | 198,682 |
| 2010 | 203,433 |
sister city
Des Moines has established sister-city ties with the following six cities.
Catanzaro Province (Italy)
Kofu City (Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)
Saint-Étienne (France)
Stavropol (Russia)
Shijiazhuang City (People's Republic of China)
Naucarpan, Mexico
Notes
- ^ a b c American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. February 4, 2011.
- ^ Historical Information. Information Center, City of Des Moines.
- ^ Challender, Mary. Is 'Des Moines' just some dirty joke? Archived July 23, 2012, at Archive.is. DesMoinesRegister.com. September 14, 2003
- ^ Prehistoric and Historic Indians in Downtown Des Moines. Newsletter of the Iowa Archeological Society. 58(1): 8. 2008
- ^ Schoen, Christopher M. A Point of Land and Prehistoric Peoples. Iowa Heritage Illustrated 86(1): .8-9. 2005
- ^ Whittaker. Prehistoric and Historic Indians in Downtown Des Moines. Newsletter of the Iowa Archeological Society. 58(1): 8-10. 2008
- ^ Lees, James H. History of Coal Mining in Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey. Vol.19. Ch.3. p.566. 1909
- ^ Whittaker. 2008
- ^ Mather, David and Ginalie Swaim The Heart of the Best Part: Fort Des Moines No. 2 and the Archaeology of a City. Iowa Heritage Illustrated. 86(1): 12-21. 2005
- ^ Perkins, Arozina. Teaching in Fort Des Moines, Iowa: November 13, 1850 to March 21, 1851. 1851 Qtd. in Women Teachers on the Frontier. Ed. P. W. Kaufman. pp.126-143. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 1984
- ^ Des Moines City Directory and Business Guide. p.6. Mills and Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1866 Microfilm. State Historical Society Library. Iowa City.
- ^ Brigham, Johnson. Des Moines: The Pioneer of Municipal Progress and Reform of the Middle West. Vol.1. S.J.Clarke. Chicago. 1911
- ^ Welcome to the Iowa Capitol Archived June 19, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.. General Assenbly, Iowa State Legislature.
- ^ Lees, James H. History of Coal Mining in Iowa, Iowa Geospatial Survey. Vol.19. Ch.3. pp.566-569. 1909
- ^ Hinds, Henry. The Coal Deposits of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey. Vol.19. pp.102, 121-127. 1909
- ^ Table 1. Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790-1990, Table 13. Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900. U.S. Bureau of the Census. June 15, 1998.
- ^ a b Hall of Laureates. The World Food Prize Foundation.
- ^ NPS Focus. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- ^ Dahl, Orin L. Des Moines: Capital City: A Pictorial and Entertaining Commentary on the Growth and Development of Des Moines, Iowa. Continental Heritage. Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1978
- ^ Gardiner, Allen Des Moines: A History in Pictures. Heritage Media. San Marcos, California. 2004
- ^ City of Des Moines Annexation. City of Des Moines. 2009
- ^ Des Moines City Council Ward Map. City of Des Moines. 2009 (PDF files)
In the map, the lavender parts were merged in 2009. - ^ a b Historical weather for Des Moines, Iowa, United States of America. Weatherbase.com.
- ^ Welcome to The Principal Riverwalk. Principal Financial Group.
- ^ 801 Grand. Emporis.com.
- ^ Downtown Skywalk System & Public Parking Facilities. City of Des Moines. (GIF image)
In the map, existing Skywalk is shown by a solid red line. The dotted line is the part to be extended in the future. - ^ The Palace of the Prairie, Terrace Hill is the official residence of Iowa's governors. Terrace Hill Foundation. 2001
- ^ It is now part of the National Wide Mutual Insurance Group, headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.
- ^ It is now part of the Abiba group, which has its headquarters in London.
- ^ Peirce, Neal R. The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States. p.106. W.W.Norton & Company. 1973 ISBN 0393053490.
- ^ FORTUNE 500 2009 by States: Iowa. Fortune.com. 2009
- ^ AirportIQ 5010. (Form 5010: Des Moines Int'l) Airport Master Record. Federal Aviation Administration. January 30, 2020. Read on February 11, 2020.
- ^ Nonstop Destinations. Des Moines International Airport. Read on February 11, 2020.
- ^ Amtrak Official Timetable 2015 Spring-Fall P.82
- ^ Bus Schedules / Route Maps: Area Route Map. Des Moines Area Regional Transit Authority. August 17, 2008.
- ^ Academic Units and Programs. Drake University.
- ^ exchange study Kansai Gakuin University
- ^ Quick Facts: Number of Schools and Students (2007-2008). Des Moines Public Schools. 2008
- ^ About Living History Farms, Farm Sites. Living History Farms. 2009
- ^ About the Prize. The World Food Prize Foundation.
- ^ The Drake Relays Digital Archive. Drake University.
- ^ Greater Des Moines Sister City Commission, City of Des Moines.
- ^ Instead of Commune di Catanzaro alone, the entire Catanzalo district is a sister city of Des Moines.
reference literature
- Henning, Barbara Beving Long, and Patrice K. Beam, Des Moines and Polk County: Flag on the Prairie. American Historical Press. Sun Valley, California. 2003 ISBN 1-892724-34-0
external link
- The City of Des Moines - Official City Site
- Greater Des Moines Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Des Moines Art Center
- Living History Farms
- Science Center of Iowa
- Des Moines Botanical Center
- The Great Ape Trust of Iowa
- The World Food Prize
- Iowa Events Center
- Des Moines, Iowa - City-Data.com
- Des Moines, IA - Yahoo!Map Map